When the conflicts cannot be reconciled , they will have to asc ertain the hierarchy of the self - executing treaties and the contradictory norms 當(dāng)沖突無法避免時(shí),它們必須確定自動(dòng)執(zhí)行條約與相抵觸的法律規(guī)范的效力等級(jí)。
On the other hand , although non - self - executing treaties cannot be directly applied , the courts shall also pay great attention to their various indirect national legal effects 另外,非自動(dòng)執(zhí)行條約雖然不能直接適用,法院還要注意到它們所產(chǎn)生的直接適用以外的多種間接的法律效力。
In the united states , international treaties present at least four distinctive forms , and article vi , section ii of the us constitution adopts them wholesale as the supreme law of the land ; nevertheless , since 1829 the courts have come to distinguish the self - executing and non - self - executing treaties , but a large volume of cases and commentaries have controversy and confusion on the differential criteria , which has fallen into four categories in this article : intent , constitutionality , justiciability and private right of action 首先, 《美國憲法》第六條第二款將在國內(nèi)至少表現(xiàn)為四種不同形式的國際條約作為整體一攬子采納為全國最高的法律;但自從1829年,其司法實(shí)踐中開始區(qū)分自動(dòng)執(zhí)行與非自動(dòng)執(zhí)行兩種類型的條約,前者無須進(jìn)一步采取立法或行政上的措施就能直接適用,后者反之。大量的案例和評(píng)論對于二者的區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)充滿了爭論與困惑,本文將其分為意圖、合憲性、司法性和私人訴權(quán)四類并加以分析和評(píng)價(jià)。